Case briefs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case briefs - Assignment ExampleThe case went through the court of commencement exercise trial all the way to the Supreme Court. At the court of first trial, a suppression motion was granted to the defendant. This is because the court found out that the expect absolve that had been issued earlier was not based on a feasible cause. To be specific, the court contended that that search warrant was surrounded by contentions of an untested rotter and inadequate validation by the police. Upon the subsequent trial to the Court of Appeal, the court affirmed the decision of the court of first trial. The Court of Appeal declined the exclusionary rule that was confide forward of good faith. Lastly, when the case reached the Supreme Court of the U.S, certiorari was granted.The legal issue that was in this case was whether the exclusionary rule to the fourth amendment should be amended so as to permit the usage of evidence acquired by police officers acting in judicious dependence on a searc h warrant deal out by an isolated and impartial magistrate but eventually established to be uncorroborated by credible cause.The court held that the exclusionary rule ought to be amended so as allow the use of evidence acquired in the justifiable belief of acting under good faith that a given search warrant conformed to the said fourth amendment.Justice White stated that the exclusionary rule to the fourth amendment ought to be amended so as to allow the use of evidence acquired in the justifiable belief of good faith that an issued search warrant complied with the provisions of the fourth amendment. He argued that the exclusionary rule was a judicial-made remedy and not a underlying right. He said that the rules main objective is to deter the misconducts that may be occasioned by the police officers. He further contended that it can be amended if the police officers have tangible evidence that can be used if it can be shown that the

LOVE Individual privacy vs. national security Essay

LOVE Individual privacy vs. national security - undertake ExampleThe project go out therefore utilize findings from the country to establish the severity of the issues on a global scale. Due to its scope and importance, the project will be conducted using primary sources such as journals, reports from various agencies and newspaper articles. Scholarly articles required in this project will be obtained from the library art object relevant reports will be obtained from the concerned agencies.Compromise of individual privacy in pursuit of national security existed before the September 11, attacks. At the high school of World War II, nearly 12,000 Japanese Americans were forced into concentration camps for reasons related to national security (ACLU, 2001). According to Avery (2004), the public feels that issues of national security compromise their privacy. former research findings on the issue have proved that intensification of surveillance by security agencies hamper formation of close relationships among people (Emanuel, 2004). To enhance security, the government has definitive all telecom operators in the country to install systems that enable government agencies to access private communications. These preliminary findings will direct the research project.Gross, E. (2004). The struggle of a democracy against terrorismProtection of human rights The right to privacy versus the national interestThe proper balance, Cornell International Law Journal 37 (1),

Reflection about my study based on feedback and analysis it Essay

Reflection about my study based on feedback and analysis it - Essay ExampleI rattling enjoyed the final project, and I thought it was a good idea In general, I was satisfied with my final project. I did a lot of work and investigate on it. But there are also some points I failed to show in the project. Since I did not have a plenty cadence on my final project, I did not get the whole ideas in my mind. So I think next time I could work better. I got fresh ideas with other classmates projects. Some of them did pretty good job in discussing this by the method of video. It is pretty impressive for me. Also the advices given from classmates also make full my blank. For further project or paper, I will work more on fresh ideas and prepared a lot before I come out of the closetRelated to the wellbeing of children, childhood obesity is one of main issues these days in almost every part of the world. This medical condition adversely affects the intellectual and physical health of childr en, as well as their take aim of self-confidence. On academic level, it puts an unpleasant impact on the mind and confidence of obese children because of which they commonly do not show good academic performances.In developed countries, childhood obesity has become a serious health concern. Obese children normally do not perform well in their studies because they feel inferiority complex when their peers make fun of them. Their level of confidence and self-esteem go set ashore as the result which makes them unable to talk to their teachers and peers in a confident way. It is obvious that at school level, children are not as mentally board as they get when they grow up. So they do not have any idea whether they are doing a good act by express joy at a comparatively fat fellow or not. They laugh at him/her, make fun, and call him/her by improper names because of which the confidence level of the targeted fellow goes down and he/she becomes unable to cope with the situation.This r esults in making the child self-conscious and less focused towards studies. Moreover, obese children feel

Church Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Church Growth - Essay ExampleIt not only tells about the principles but also tells us that why we want to grow It tells us about the core motivations behind church growth. It tells us about the relationship between leadership and church growth. It gives description about larger and smaller churches.Chapters seventeen, eighteen and nineteen speak about the basic principles of the Church Growth movement. This movement is based upon the use of sociological devices in articulate to attract new converts. The attached idea that the author tells the reader in chapter twenty is that of laity and ministry. This section states that for both pastors and the other laity there are different things that must sire place, which are not always pleasing and difficult to do. One of the most thrilling principles of church growth is to set free laity to do the choke of ministry1. Chapters twenty one till twenty six chronicle the various strategies that have been used by the Church Growth movement in order to improve its clout and influence. Numerical strength will always help Christianity while every effort should be conducted in order to capture the shopping mall of potential converts. The remaining chapters focus on the organization, planning, and preparation of the Church Growth movement. Church planting is the next idea of this book.

Japanese Exclusion Act of 1924 Essay Example for Free

Japanese Exclusion perform of 1924 EssayJapanese Exclusion Act of 1924, also known as the in-migration Act of 1924, was one of the federal laws of the unify States that limited the quantity of immigrants to get together States from any country to a certain portionage of the total numeral of people from that country who were already living in the United States based on the 1890 Census. As for the reason of immigration Act of 1924, only ii percent f the total number of people already living in United States from other country since 1890 rout out only be admitted (Historicaldocuments. com 1).In fact, the Immigration Act of 1924 superseded the Emergency Quota of 1921, which required three percent of the total number of people already leaving in United States from other countries in 1910, in order to further intensify the lowering down of the total number of immigrants to the United States from other country. Specific each(prenominal)y, the said law aimed to restrict Europea ns especially those coming from the east and Southern part of the said region including East Asians and Asian Indians among those regions that were restricted by the federal governing body of the United States from immigrating into their country.Furthermore, this act also barred all immigrants that were considered by the federal government as ineligible for citizenship based on the race, the region where a certain foreigner came from. Like for the case of those people from eastern and Southern Europe as well as those people from the East Asia and Asian Indians was being prohibited by the federal government from naturalizing themselves into being an American citizen. Among of those countries that were greatly affected by the promulgation of the said law, it is Japan who showed great protest and actually requested the United States to move the said laws on the case of the Japanese.But at the end of the day, the federal government stick to their stand and continued the implementatio n of Immigration Act of 1924. Furthermore, the main argument of the Japanese why they were protesting on the said act was the clear violation of United States on the Gentlemans Agreement. Now, it was carryed that this clash between United States and Japan caused great strain between the two countries and this served as the ground for Japan to become an ally of Germans during World War II.Now as for the scope of this paper, chains of events will be discussed and revealed on how the passing of Immigration Act of 1924 led Japan towards their collaboration with the Germans on the Second World War (UShistory. com 1). Early Years of Immigration to United States In the 1860s and 1870s the Chinese, most of them were men, make up of some 10 to 15 percent of the population of many western states. After the Chinese Exclusion Act as well as the filling of the West by pioneers, that the percentage must be dropped rapidly.Still, the Chinese population in the country continues to grow generall y because of the high birth rates and Chinese immigration to Canada. From 1870 to 1920 around 25 million immigrants entered the United States wherein the Southeastern Europe provided nearly 3,500,000 immigrants between 1900 and1920. While Italy on the other hand, contributed to around 3,100,000 immigrants to the United States and Russia as well as Poland contributed to around 2,500,000 immigrants.Moreover, there were more Japanese immigrants as compared to Mexico and France. In 1882, around 30,000 Chinese immigrants entered the United States brining the total of number of Chinese in US to 150,000. This is also the year where the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by the government that limits the number of Chinese that can enter the United States based on a certain percentage. This Chinese Exclusion Act is effective after 10 years and will deem to be permanent until the twentieth century.By 1908 to 1914, federal officials recorded 6,800,000 arrivals of foreign immigrants to the United States while on the other hand only 2,000,000 departures were accounted. Moreover, ninety two percent of the total number of people arrived to United States on 1910 said that they were about to join their friends and relatives that had been living in the United States plus the fact that to the highest degree ninety percent of all the immigrants settled either North or West while leaving a small percentage to drop into the South.By 1910, foreign-born men and women comprised about 53 percent of the national industrial labor force and 75 percent of the populations in New York, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland and Boston were made up of immigrants and their children. By 1916 in San Francisco, 75 percent of the total population regarded a foreign language as a primary tongue. Japanese Immigration to United States Japanese Immigrants to United States Started in 1880s when large number of farmers from Southern Japan moved to United States.There were no legislations that prohibited or regulate the number of immigrants to United States during those times regardless of from what country an immigrant came from. What caused the Japanese people to migrate to United States was the disenfranchisement of the regions of Japan from the industrial and land reforms during the Meiji Restoration intellection that they can improve their status of living from moving to another country.With the booming of sugar plantations in Hawaii, a lot of Japanese workers migrated on the said state of US and then later on moved forward to California. By the early 1900s, Pres. Roosevelt mandated the San Francisco School Board to withdraw the order regarding the segregation of Japanese work children in exchange of Japans rein in on emigration of peasants and laborers to the United States.After this event, the Japanese government entered an agreement with the federal government of the United States agreeing upon to regulate the number and type of Japanese that can only be allowed to immigrate to Unite d States which was widely known as the Gentlemans Agreement (State. gov 1). Moreover, the Japanese government only permitted those educated Japanese citizens to immigrate to United States and restricting the immigration of laborers regardless if they were skilled or unskilled.

Banks and Credit System of Exchange Essay Example for Free

Banks and Credit System of Exchange EssayDefinition of BanksBanks atomic number 18 financial institutions that help people to save and borrow money.In a growing economy, the banks help to create a new pool of money to be ised for other economic activities.They complement the money or cash dodge of exchange with the carcass of credit.History of Banking in the PhilippinesDuring the pre-colonial period, Filipinos in addition saved and borrowed money, but usually this was done by families, relatives of tribal leaders.The oldest written relic of our precolonial past is the historied Laguna Copperplate inscriptin (LCI), which contains a record of a debt payment in 900A. D.It proves that we have a longt tradition of honoring our debts in our culture. Modern banking, as we slam it, really began with the coming of the Europeans. The offset printing credit organizations were the Obras Pias(pious work), created by the Spanish colonial goernment starting in the 16th century. It is int eresting to know that the early Catholics in the Philippines were taught how to tithe(give 10 percent of income to the church).Thus, thye early church in the Philippines was able to collect a fund od money, and its growth and good works increased tremendously.The first general bank in Southeast Asia was the Banco Espaol-Filipino (now known as Bank of the Philippine Islands), which opened in 1851.It was given authority to issue bank nones.Soon, other banks were opened.The Catholic Church anf their trustees owned and operated most banks during the Spanish colonial period. During the American period, much banks began operations. In 1906, the government established postal savings banks all over the country to bring banking closer to the people.This Promoted the habit of thrift and savings among low-income groups. Now Americans, Chinese and Filipinos also entered the picture. In 1916 the philippine National Bank was organise. Other banks which followed were the chinaware Banking Corp oration and the Philippine Bank of Commerce.Before World War II there were 17 banks in the country.The PNB and Postal banks were owned by the Catholic Church and spiritual organizations, and two by Filipinos and others. The Japanese m,ilitary occupation in 1941-45 briefly restructed Philippine banking. Only Japanese and their Filipino sympathizers were allowed to operate banks. In 1946, after independence, the otigins of our modern banking system were established. Prewar banks were re-opened and resumed operations. The Central Banking Act was passed in 1948. Today, there are thousands of banks all over the country, and some Filipino banks have opened branches abroad. Tyhe Volume of banking services has also increased, as more and more services are being offered. Among these services are car imparts, time deposits, automatic tellers, dreive-in windows, night depository, safe deposit boxes, payroll handling, automatic debits, and many more.KINDS OF BANKSThere are different kinds of banks as follows1. Rural banks-These are located mostly in the countryside. The government encourages the establishment of these small banks in order to bring asavings and banking closer to people in the provinces. For example, a group may set up a rural bank with P20 million uppercase outside of metro Manila or cities but p50 million is needed for a bank in the city. The important reason for rural banks is to help farmers with countrified loans. In 1994, the Pagsanjan Rural Bank founded by Victor Zaide cabreza and Soledad Benitez Cabreza, won the award fo Outstanding Rural Bank in he Philippines 2. Savings and loan associationThese small banks gather savings and invest them in long term securities, such as housing loans. A good example is the four-card monte de Piedad Bank. 3.Special government banksThe Philippine government established several bnks to handle specific duties involving its financial projects.For example, after the war, the Rehabilitation and Finance Corporation ( RFC) was created to receive postwar reconstuction funds ang give financial aid to the war-damaged economy.The RFG eventually beame the Development bank of the Philippines (DBP). The Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) helps the government implement the land reform program. The Philippine Amanah Bank was organized in 1970s to cater for the growing economic needs of Muslim Filpinos. The government may also operate postal banks within selected post iffides well-nigh the country. Many small savers and children like to use postal banks because it is closer and more familiar to them. 4.Commercial banksThese make up the biggest banking group, and comprises nearly 50% of the total banking resources in the country.The main function of this type is to supply the circulating capital for the economy in the form of short-term loans.Example are the Philippine National Bank, Metrobank, BPI, Far atomic number 99 Bank and Trust go with and others. 6.Universal Bank- Also known as a ful-service bank, a universal bank provides more servies than a commercial bank. Banks which have reached a capitalixation of P50 million or more can apply for a universal banking liscence. A universal bank can make more investments and lending.It can act as an investment house, a savings bank etc. It can invest directlyin private companies. Several banks are iniversal banks, starting with the Philipine National Bank, republic Planters Bank, United Cocunot Planters Bank, Allied Bank, PCIB, BPI, Far East Bank and Trust Company, and Metrobank.6. international banksAs the name says international banks have operations in more than one country. Some Filipino bamks have branches in other countries, e.e. PNB, FEBTC, etc. Similarly, some foreign banks have branches in the Philippines, e.g. Hongkong ang Shanghai Chartered Bank, Citibank, Australia New Zealand, etc. Apart from the private banks, thee are government-owned banks, such as the external Bank for Reconstrucyion and Development (IBRD or World Bank) ased in Washington, D.C. the Asian Development Bank (ABD) based in Metro Manila the Bank of International Settkements (BIS) based in Basle, Switzerland.The Uses or Function of Banks The services of banks are1.To accept aand guard deposits of money.People go to a bank because they trust that their money will not be stolen inside.ThePhilippine Deposit Insurace Corporation (PDIC) encures each depositors money up to a limit. In case the bank closes doen or is robbed, the depositor will still hold fast their money bacl up to a fixed limit. In turn, the bank keeps a written list of the deposit in a savings book, a periodic statement or a certificate . For the right to use the money, the banks pay interest. 2. to lend money. Banks led money to qualified clients. in this way, the bank earns interest and profits. loans are ofdifferent kinds are short-term. Loans may also be typedaccording to purpose( car loan, housing loan, business loan etc.) This may be a property title, which the bank c an run in case the loan is not paid. Next, bigl loans must have a co- signer or one who will guarantee to pay the loan if the borrower defaults 9faiks to pay).3.To immure and collect money. Banks als transfer or collect money for clients. for example, overseas contract workers can shoot their remittances to family through a bank to be picked up in Manila by the relative. A businesman can pay for a supply ordered from abroad through a local bank which send the payment to the foreign supplier. Usually, a bank has a correspondent bank abroad in case it does not have branches ther. Banks accept checks, bank dreafts or telegraphic transfers from other banks, according to certain conditions.4..To perform legal roles like supervising a business, managing a private

Small And Medium Enterprises And Larger Scale Businesses Commerce Essay

Sm altogether And Medium Enterprises And Larger Scale Businesses Commerce tasteFor this assignment I have done a lot of researches on the low-d have got and medium enterprise and doubler scale telephone circuites and sole trader. The first scruple on this assignment is distinguish between small and medium enterprise and pear-shaped scale stemmaes .Small and medium enterprise and large scale byplayes ar skillful and varies by their own factors. The U.S government defines the sizes of championshipes, such as the number of employees and number of revenues. Furtherto a greater extent, these enterprises be sized by employee size, features of small scale industries and characteristics argon successful small scale and medium scale vexation.The next question is interview a sole trader, identify the difficulties that he/she is facing and give suggestion on how to dominate the difficulties. A sole-trader or sole-proprietorship is a business that is owned (and usually ope ranged) by one person. It is the smallest form of business ownership and the easiest to start. For this question I learnt much close to a sole-trader. A sole trader a simplest form of business structure. It is also easy and inexpensive to maintain.SMALL AND metier ENTERPRISES ARE PLAYING A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN OUR ECONOMY. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE AND LARGER SCALE BUSINESSES2.0 Small and Medium Enterprises and Larger scale Businesses2.1 comment of Small and Medium EnterprisesThe Small Business Administration (SBA) of US defines a small business as one which is independently owned and operated for profit and is not dominant in its field (Hughes, 2011). However in Malaysia, there is no common definition of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Different agencies define SMEs based on their own criteria, usually benchmarking against annual sales turnover, and number of integral-time employees or sh areholders funds. In addition, present definitions focus mainly on SME s in the manufacturing sector.The following definitions are issued by National SME Development Council of MalaysiaPrimary AgricultureA small and medium enterprise in primary agriculture is an enterprise with full-time employees not exceeding 50 or annual sales turnover not exceeding RM5.0M.Manufacturing (including agro-based)A small and medium enterprise in manufacturing (including agro-based) is an enterprise with full employees not exceeding 150 or with annual sales turnover not exceeding RM25million.Services (including ICT)A small and medium enterprise in work is an enterprise with full-time employees of between 5 and 19 or with annual sales turnover of between RM200,000 and less than RM1.0million.The above definitions are and then divided into smaller entities, micro, small and medium. The following table summarizes the approved SME definitions based on number of full-time employeesSECTOR /SIZEPRIMARY AGRICULTUREMANUFACTURING (including agro-based) operate SECTOR(including ICT )MICROLess than 5 employeesLess than 5 employeesLess than 5 employeesSMALL5 19 employees5 50 employees5 19 employeesMEDIUM20 50 employees51 150 employees20 50 employeesSource National SME Development Council of MalaysiaThe table below summarises the approved SME definitions based on annual sales turnoverSECTOR /SIZEPRIMARY AGRICULTUREMANUFACTURING (including agro-based)SERVICES SECTOR(including ICT)MICROLess than RM200,000Less than RM250,000Less than RM200,000SMALLRM200,000 RM1.0millionRM250,000 RM10.0millionRM1.0million RM5.0millionMEDIUMRM1.0million RM5.0millionRM10.0million RM25millionRM1.0million RM5.0millionSource National SME Development Council of MalaysiaBank Negara Malaysia had conducted a number of case studies on successful SMEs in Malaysia to identify the key success factors of these SMEs. SMEs involved in the case study had been in operation for more than 10 years, and had been selected based on their financial performance and track record. The case studies demonstrated that although SMEs were from different industries, all the enterprises shared common critical success factors, namelySound management capability and integritysound business culture and entrepreneurial spirit discreet financial managementHigh quality harvest-tides and workGood programme for human resource developmentStrong support from financial institutions in ground of lending and advisory services andStrong marketing strategies, including good network with suppliers2.2 Definition of Large scale BusinessesLarge scale abide always be defined as a measurement (Hughes, 2011). Scale means a form of measurement and when it is referred to as large it means that you have a more than average amount on the measurement scale. Thus any industry that is large scale volition mean that products are produced at a amply volume. This in turn provides a higher capital.Large scale industry requires a huge amount of capital to be invested in the industry first. It lead provide many jobs for employees in order to offer a high output. This type of industry is found in places such as the USA, Germany, Japan, Russia, and Australia.All of these countries are big money makers and have large operations producing a variety of products. This is different from a small scale industry that does not require as a good deal capital or as many workers.Given these definitions, a large scale industry can be just about anything from plait to the auto trade. Wal-Mart for example is a company in a large scale industry as they offer plenty of jobs and products to the consumers of the world. Size will content when it comes to industry. Small companies employ about 60% of the work force in the USA due to the 30 million existing companies.Unfortunately, these companies have a cut back survival rate meaning that they usually run for basketball team to ten years and then end.2.3 Differences between a small and medium enterprise and large entitiesThere are many differences between a small and medium enterprise and large entities, namely speed of decision-making, attitude towards risk, allocation of resources, understanding of business models and management of business models, and differing definitions of innovation.Decision-Making ProcessLarge enterprises, in view of the different bureaucratic levels, will frequently require recollectiveer time to make decisions. This can be very frustrating especially when a decision needs to made immediately. Delay in decision-making may hinder the progress of the company. In this way, SMEs are better-off as more often than not, decisions can be made at the point of urgency. This helps the SMEs top grow more rapidly compared to a large-scaled enterprise.Attitude Towards put on the lineLarge-scale enterprises can afford to take a bigger risk in running the operations of their businesses. This is mainly due to the fact that their capital is bigger and there is buffer to absorb any uncertainties. Large size firm, such as Si me Darby and Petronas can afford to invest in foreign countries and earn much more net income compared to other SMEs. However, SMEs need to be wary of the negative consequences should their investments does not bring back the desired returns which may affect their operations in totality.Allocation of ResourcesIn small businesses, every ringgit counts. Resources can be scarce and are allotted based almost solely on whether they will throw out the bottom line. This bottom line focus may not be so distinct in a larger corporation. With more abundant resources at least in comparison to smaller companies people in large enterprises may be relatively free spenders.Understanding of Business ModelsA large enterprise understands the business models in a wider perspective as compared to SMEs. Large enterprises have the resources to conduct in-house instructs or sent their employees (especially management executives) to overseas countries to attend training programme. Such programmes woul d provide a bigger horizon to its employees who are then able to strategies their activities towards achieving the companys goals and missions. This normally lacks in SMEs.InnovationCompetition in the business purlieu is getting more violent with more and more business entering the market due to a more relax rules and regulations in setting up business entities. In order for a company to remain competitive and applicable in the industry, huge investments need to be made on the product or services. Consumers have the choice of choosing the goods in the market. Large enterprises have the capacity to investment in such innovations compared to SMEs. For example, recently Malaysian Airlines Systems (MAS) purchased new planes (A380 series) to remain relevant in the airline industries. SMEs will have limitation due its limited financial resources.2.4 ConclusionsEven though SMEs and large-scale enterprises have differing characteristics, both plays a pivotal role in Malaysias gross domes tics products (GDP). Both institutions provides employment opportunity, contribution in the form of taxes, corporate social responsibility activities and many more. No business had emerged in large entity automatically. Every business needs to start up from a small and medium entity before moving to a larger enterprise.BIBLIOGRAPHYDanks, S. Business Studies (1st edition), 2009, DP Publications, London, UKHughes, Pride Kapoor, Business Foundation (3rd edition), 2011, South-Western Cengace Learning, AustraliaMubarak Ishak, Structure of Business (2nd edition), 2008, S.S.Mubarak Bros (Pte) Ltd, SingaporeSusan H, Business Studies (3rd Edition), 2008), Longman Publication, Australiawww.bnm.gov.my/sme assessed on 19/7/2012www.sme.gov.my assessed on 19/7/2012APPENDIX 1Members of the National SME Development Council of MalaysiaI. The Prime take care (Chairman)II. Minister of International Trade and IndustryIII. Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer AffairsIV. Minister of Entrepreneur an d cooperative DevelopmentV. Minister of Agriculture and Agro-Based IndustriesVI. Minister of Human ResourceVII. Minister of Finance IIVIII. Minister of Energy, Water and CommunicationsIX. Minister of Plantation Industries and CommoditiesX. Minister of Science, Technology and InnovationsXI. Minister of TourismXII. Minister of Rural and Regional DevelopmentXIII. Minister of EducationXIV. Minister of Higher EducationXV. Minister of Housing and local anaesthetic GovernmentXVI. Minister in The Prime Ministers DepartmentXVII. Governor of Bank Negara MalaysiaAPPENDIX 2CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ACROSS SECTORSI. Primary Agriculture Agriculture, hunt down and Related Service Activities Forestry, Logging and Related Service Activities Fishing, Operation of Fish Hatcheries and Fish Farms Service Activities serial to Fishingii. Manufacturing (including Agro-Based) Manufacture of food products and beverages Manufacture of baccy products Manufacture of textiles Manufacture of weari ng apparel Dressing and dyeing of fur Tanning and dressing of leather Manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness andfootwear Manufacture of woods and products of wood and cork, overleap furniture Manufacture of articles ofstraw and plaiting materials Manufacture of paper and paper products Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and thermonuclear fuel Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of other non- admixturelic mineral products Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of government agency, accounting and computing machinery Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clock Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers Manufacture of other transport equipment Manufacture of furniture Manufacturing n.e.c. recycleiii. Manufacturing Related Services (based on 5-digit MSIC 2000 codes) 73101 seek experimental development services on physical sciences 73102 Research experimental development services on chemistry and biology 73103 Research experimental development services on plan and technology 73104 Research experimental development services on agricultural sciences 73105 Research experimental development services on medical sciences and pharmacy 73109 Research experimental development services on other natural sciences 60212 Factory bus services 60230 pack transport by road 60300 Transport via pipelines 61102 Freight transportation by sea-going coastal water vessels 61202 Inland water freight transport services 62109 another(prenominal) scheduled air transport (e.g. helicopter services) n.e.c. 62209 Other non-scheduled air tra nsport n.e.c. 63011 Stevedoring services 63020 Storage and warehousing services 63091 Activities of freight forwarding / forwarding agencies 63099 Activities of other transport agencies n.e.c. 74950 Packaging services on a fee or contract basis 74300 Advertising 74130 Market research and public opinion polling 74142 General management consultancy services 74143 Public relations consultancy services 74149 Other business consultancy and management consultancy services n.e.c. 92201 Printed news supply services 92209 Other news agency services 22190 Other publishing 71230 Rental of office machinery and equipment (including computers) 71302 Rental of furniture 90003 Industrial waste collection and disposal services 37101 Recycling of tin 37109 Recycling of other metal waste and scrap 37201 Recycling of textile fiber 37202 Recycling of rubber 37209 Recycling of non-metal waste and scrap 74212 Engineering consultancy services 27310 Casting of iron steel 27320 Casting of non-ferrous metal 28910 Forging, pressing, stamping and roll-forming metal powder metallurgy 28920 Treatment and coating of metals, general mechanical engineering on a fee orcontract basis 28999 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c. 29220 Manufacture of machine tools 74220 Technical testing and analysisiv. Services Electricity, Gas and Water Supply Wholesale and Retail Trade Repair of locomote Vehicles, Motorcycles and Personal andHousehold Goods Hotels and Restaurants Transport, Storage and Communications Financial Intermediation Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities Education Health and social Work Other Community, Social and Personal Service Activitiesv. Mining and Quarrying Mining of Coal and Lignite Extraction of Peat Extraction of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Service Activities Incidental to Crude Oil and NaturalGas Extraction Excluding Surveying Mining of Uranium and Thorium Ores Mining of Metal Ores Other Mining Quarryingvi. twisting ConstructionInterview a sole trader , identify the difficulties that he/she is facing and give suggestion on how to overcome the difficulties.3.0 Sole-TraderA sole-trader or sole-proprietorship is a business that is owned (and usually operated) by one person (Hughes, 2011). It is the smallest form of business ownership and the easiest to start. Looking back at the history of business, some of the giant players in todays market, for example Walmart and Procter Gamble, started their operations as a small entity, i.e. sole-traders.This type of business organization is most commonly established in the construction, retailing, hairdressing, car-servicing and catering trades (Stimpson, 2008).3.1 About a Sole TraderIn order to fulfill the requirements of this assignment, I had interviewed Mr Raman, the proprietor of Raman Supermarket in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur.Mr Raman, 48, had started to venture into business in 2000. Initially, he was operating a assorted shop in front of his house at Jalan Loke Yew. However, as business gre w, he decided to rent the current shoplot and expanded his business into a supermarket. He sells variety of groceries, which includes fish, vegetables, and other daily consumption goods.He is being assisted by his wife and two Indonesian workers to run the daily chores. His business operation is from 6.30 am to 11.00 pm.3.2 Problems set about By a Sole-TraderThe disadvantages of a sole-trader stem from the fact that these businesses are owned and often managed by one person (Hughes, 2011). Mr Raman had faced similar problems in running his business.Limited capital is the main issue faced by Mr Raman. Banks, suppliers, and other lenders are not willing to finance their business, mainly due to its business entity and low confidence on their repayment capabilities. Working capital is important for daily business operations. Non-granting of credit facilities by suppliers hampers the idea of Mr Raman in running his business in a larger scale. Tight cash flow leads to set about stocks a nd order-taking. Company is not able to earn a good discount rate from the suppliers.Continuity of the supermarket business or succession plan is another problem faced by Mr Raman. His three children are not interested in act his supermarket business. He is worried that the business will cease to exist should he give-up his business when he is old enough to retire.Unlimited liability is perhaps the biggest problems faced by Mr Raman. collect to the nature of the liability, Mr Raman faces the consequences of losing even his private properties should he fails in rejuvenating the business entity. This may lead to him being declared a bankrupt should his properties are insufficient to settle the debts. He can be sued either by the bankers or his suppliers. This is one of the worst disadvantages faced by sole-traders ,such as Mr Raman.Mr Raman also faces difficulties in getting workers for his daily operations. Locals are not willing to accept a low salary as compared to foreigners. Ho wever, foreigners have other social and cultural problems. Due to staff shortage, customer service is being compromised. Once he had a bad experience when one of his foreign workers ran off with RM800-00, being the days business proceeds. Currently, he is being assisted by his wife on a part-time basis. This makes it difficult for him to take leave or go for a long vacation as this will jeopardise his business proceeds and may also lead to losing his loyal customers. Mr Raman confessed that the last time his family went for a vacation was five years ago.Competition from bigger retailers is another major problem being faced by Mr Raman. The superstores are able to sell at a lower price due to their bulk purchase and higher discounts offered by the suppliers. Usage of credit / debit cards, which is not viable in Mr Ramans case, is another factor that leads the consumers to larger superstores, for example Jusco, MidValley and Giant, to name a few. Mr Raman is not able to offer similar service due to its limited and tight cash flow.3.3 Suggestions on how to overcome the difficultiesIn order to solve Mr Ramans problems, I would therefore propose to him to convert his sole-tradership into a partnership. The US Uniform Partnership Act defines a partnership as a voluntary association of two or more persons to act as co-owners of the business for profit (Hughes, 2011). Regardless of the number of people involved, a partnership often represents a pooling of special managerial skills and talents.In order to mitigate the disadvantage of limited capital, Mr Raman can request his family members or friends to become his partner. This additional capital will assists Mr Raman to scale up his business activities for a better profit. Banks and suppliers will be willing to provide additional financing as they will be more comfortable and confident of Mr Ramans repayment capability.Each partner is responsible for the well-being of the business entity. The pride of managing the sup ermarket and solving the daily operational problems will enhance the partners want to work harder to reap more business proceeds. Customers can be better served and eventually through word of mouth on the excellent services rendered at Ramans Supermarket will help to boost his business.Currently, Mr Raman is the only one actively running the daily operations of his supermarket. Partners often have complementary skills Mr Raman could manipulate of his partners specialization to progress enhance its services. Furthermore, should there be any problems or issues, the partners can discuss and arrive at a better decision synergy effect.The sharing of profits would also motivate the partners to work harder. Higher business turnover leads to higher profit-sharing among the partners. However, Mr Raman should document the methods of profit-sharing at the initial stage of the partnership deeds or agreements.At the same time, the liabilities are also shared by each of the partners and not b y the sole-trader alone. Losses are borne by each of the partners based on their shares.The level-headed requirements of setting up a partnership are minimal as compared to corporate entities. As long as the business is registered legally, it is good to go. However, Mr Raman should create his own Partnership Deeds in order to avoid any problems in the future.